What term describes the process by which different ingredients separate from an originally homogenous mixture?

The process described in the question refers to the separation of different ingredients from a homogeneous mixture. The correct term for this process is differentiation. In the context of geology and mineralogy, differentiation occurs when components within a mixture separate based on differing physical or chemical properties, such as density or solubility. This is commonly observed in processes such as the formation of igneous rocks, where different minerals crystallize at different temperatures and conditions, effectively creating a range of distinct compositions from the original molten material.

Differentiation can play a crucial role in processes such as plate tectonics and the evolution of magmas in the Earth's crust, leading to the formation of various rock types and the distribution of minerals. By understanding differentiation, mining engineers can better predict where certain minerals may be located and how they can be efficiently extracted.

This understanding of differentiation is essential for applying geological concepts in mining operations and helps in assessing the economic value of mineral deposits. The other terms provided refer to specific geological processes or concepts that do not specifically relate to the separation of ingredients within a mixture, which is why they do not fit this particular description.