What term describes the large areas of highly deformed igneous and metamorphic rock found on continents?

The term that describes large areas of highly deformed igneous and metamorphic rock found on continents is "shield." Shields are extensive areas where ancient crystalline rocks, largely igneous and metamorphic in origin, are exposed at the surface. These areas typically represent the oldest geological formations on continental landmasses and are characterized by significant geological stability over long periods of time.

Shields are often composed of various rock types that have undergone significant metamorphism and deformation due to tectonic forces. They typically cover large regions and can be seen in various parts of the world, such as the Canadian Shield in North America or the Baltic Shield in northern Europe.

Other terms, while related to geological features, refer to different concepts. A craton refers to the stable interior portion of a continent, which may include shields but is broader, as it encompasses areas that may also feature sedimentary rocks. A plateau is a flat or gently sloping elevated area that may be formed through geological processes but does not specifically refer to deformed rock like a shield does. A mountain range consists of elevated landforms formed through tectonic processes but typically features younger sedimentary and volcanic rocks as well. Thus, the distinction of “shield” specifically highlights the ancient and deformed rock